Results for 'Mark H. Eckman'

964 found
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  1.  56
    The Potential of Shared Decision Making to Reduce Health Disparities.Jaime S. King, Mark H. Eckman & Benjamin W. Moulton - 2011 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 39 (s1):30-33.
    Current methods of obtaining an informed consent leave much to be desired. Patients rarely read consent forms or understand all of the risks, benefits, or alternatives associated with their treatment. Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of treatment options often presents a more significant challenge for patients with lower levels of health literacy. This article reviews the evidence of shortcomings in our informed consent system and then explores the potential for a new approach to engage patients at all levels of health (...)
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  2.  11
    Commercialization of the University and Problem Choice by Academic Biological Scientists.Mark H. Cooper - 2009 - Science, Technology, and Human Values 34 (5):629-653.
    Based on data from a survey of biological scientists at 125 American universities, this article explores how the commercialization of the university affects the problems academic scientists pursue and argues that this reorientation of scientific agendas results in a shift from science in the public interest to science for private goods. Drawing on perspectives from Bourdieu on how actors employ strategic practices toward the accumulation of social capital and acquire dispositional and perceptional tendencies that in turn recondition social structures, the (...)
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  3.  91
    Troubles with computationalism.Mark H. Bickhard - 1996 - In William T. O'Donohue & Richard F. Kitchener (eds.), The philosophy of psychology. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. pp. 173--183.
  4.  24
    On The Nature Of Representation: A Case Study Of James Gibson's Theory Of Perception.Mark H. Bickhard & D. Michael Richie - 1983 - Ny: Praeger.
  5.  98
    Information and representation in autonomous agents.Mark H. Bickhard - 2000 - Cognitive Systems Research 1 (2):65-75.
    Information and representation are thought to be intimately related. Representation, in fact, is commonly considered to be a special kind of information. It must be a _special_ kind, because otherwise all of the myriad instances of informational relationships in the universe would be representational -- some restrictions must be placed on informational relationships in order to refine the vast set into those that are truly representational. I will argue that information in this general sense is important to genuine agents, but (...)
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  6. Motivation and Emotion: An Interactive Process Model.Mark H. Bickhard - 2000 - In Ralph D. Ellis (ed.), The Caldron of Consciousness: Motivation, Affect and Self-Organization. John Benjamins. pp. 161.
    In this chapter, I outline dynamic models of motivation and emotion. These turn out not to be autonomous subsystems, but, instead, are deeply integrated in the basic interactive dynamic character of living systems. Motivation is a crucial aspect of particular kinds of interactive systems -- systems for which representation is a sister aspect. Emotion is a special kind of partially reflective interaction process, and yields its own emergent motivational aspects. In addition, the overall model accounts for some of the crucial (...)
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  7.  93
    Autonomy, function, and representation.Mark H. Bickhard - 2000 - Communication and Cognition-Artificial Intelligence 17 (3-4):111-131.
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  8.  87
    The Social Ontology of Persons.Mark H. Bickhard - unknown
    Persons are biological beings who participate in social environments. Is human sociality different from that of insects? Is human sociality different from that of a computer or robot with elaborate rules for social interaction in its program memory? What is the relationship between the biology of humans and the sociality of persons? I argue that persons constitute an emergent ontological level that develops out of the biological and psychological realm, but that is largely social in its own constitution. This requires (...)
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  9.  41
    The emergence of the social brain network: Evidence from typical and atypical development.Mark H. Johnson & Leslie A. Tucker - unknown
    Several research groups have identified a network of regions of the adult cortex that are activated during social perception and cognition tasks. In this paper we focus on the development of components of this social brain network during early childhood and test aspects of a particular viewpoint on human functional brain development: “interactive specialization.” Specifically, we apply new data analysis techniques to a previously published data set of event-related potential ~ERP! studies involving 3-, 4-, and 12-month-old infants viewing faces of (...)
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  10. The relationships among working memory, math anxiety, and performance.Mark H. Ashcraft & Elizabeth P. Kirk - 2001 - Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130 (2):224.
  11. Some notes on internal and external relations and representation.Mark H. Bickhard - 2003 - Consciousness and Emotion 4 (1):101-110.
    Internal relations are those relations that are intrinsic to the nature of one or more of the relata. They are a kind of essential relation, rather than an essential property. For example, an arc of a circle is internally related to the center of that circle in the sense that.
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  12.  27
    Interactive knowing: The metaphysics of intentionality.Mark H. Bickhard - 2010 - In Roberto Poli & Johanna Seibt (eds.), Theory and Applications of Ontology: Philosophical Perspectives. Springer Verlag. pp. 207--229.
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  13. Mathematics anxiety and mental arithmetic performance: An exploratory investigation.Mark H. Ashcraft & Michael W. Faust - 1994 - Cognition and Emotion 8 (2):97-125.
  14.  43
    Why Children Don't have to Solve the Frame Problems.Mark H. Bickhard - unknown
    We all believe an unbounded number of things about the way the world is and about the way the world works. For example, I believe that if I move this book into the other room, it will not change color -- unless there is a paint shower on the way, unless I carry an umbrella through that shower, and so on; I believe that large red trucks at high speeds can hurt me, that trucks with polka dots can hurt me, (...)
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  15.  61
    What could cognition be if not computation…Or connectionism, or dynamic systems?Mark H. Bickhard - 2015 - Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 35 (1):53-66.
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  16.  18
    Review essay / privatizing or civilizing public spaces?Mark H. Moore - 1992 - Criminal Justice Ethics 11 (1):44-51.
    Richard Neely, Take Back Your Neighborhood New York: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1990, 224pp.
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  17.  77
    (1 other version)Interactivism: Introduction to the special issue.Mark H. Bickhard - 2009 - Synthese 166 (3):449-451.
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  18. Environmental Ethics: Core Concepts and Values.Mark H. Dixon - 2008 - In R. C. Hillerbrand & R. Karlsson (eds.), Beyond the Global Village. Environmental Challenges inspiring Global Citizenship. The Interdisciplinary Press.
     
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  19. Crisis y reconstrucción de las ciencias exactas.H. F. Mark (ed.) - 1936 - La Plata: [Universidad Nacional de La Plata].
    Mark, G. La crisis de la física clásica por obra del experimento.--Thirring, J. La transformación del sistema conceptual de la física.--Hahn, J. La crisis de la intuición.--Nöbeling, J. La cuarta dimensión y el espacio curvo.--Menger, C. La nueva lógica.
     
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  20.  35
    Destigmatising the Placebo Effect.Mark H. Arnold, Damien G. Finniss & Ian Kerridge - 2015 - American Journal of Bioethics 15 (10):21-23.
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  21.  38
    A Response to MacClellan.Mark H. Bernstein - 2013 - Journal of Animal Ethics 3 (1):69-71.
    In "Size Matters" in this issue, Joel MacClellan argues for three claims: according to utilitarianism, faced with a choice of eating large or small animals, we should eat the large; utilitarianism may ground obligations to eat meat; and we justifiably attract greater moral responsibility for the "direct" killing of our food animals than we do for "indirect" killing. MacClellan tends to underestimate the resources available even to hedonistic utilitarianism and oversimplifies the conditions in the food industry. His second claim has (...)
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  22. Consciousness and reflective consciousness.Mark H. Bickhard - 2005 - Philosophical Psychology 18 (2):205-218.
    An interactive process model of the nature of representation intrinsically accounts for multiple emergent properties of consciousness, such as being a contentful experiential flow, from a situated and embodied point of view. A crucial characteristic of this model is that content is an internally related property of interactive process, rather than an externally related property as in all other contemporary models. Externally related content requires an interpreter, yielding the familiar regress of interpreters, along with a host of additional fatal problems. (...)
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  23. The dynamic emergence of representation.Mark H. Bickhard - 2004 - In Hugh Clapin (ed.), Representation in Mind: New Approaches to Mental Representation. Elsevier. pp. 71--90.
    A final version of this paper is in press as: Bickhard, M. H.. The Dynamic Emergence of Representation. In H. Clapin, P. Staines, P. Slezak Representation in Mind: New Approaches to Mental Representation. Praeger.
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  24. The Architecture of Solitude.Mark H. Dixon - 2009 - Environment, Space, Place 1 (1):53-72.
    As a spiritual or meditative practice solitude implies more than mere silence or being alone. While these are perhaps indispensablecomponents, it is possible to be alone or to live in silence and nevertheless be unable to reconfigure these into genuine solitude. Solitude is also more than being in some remote or inaccessible place. Even though geographical isolation might be conducive to solitude, with rare exceptions human beings have seldom sought solitude in complete seclusion in the wilderness. The places where human (...)
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  25.  87
    Levels of representationality.Mark H. Bickhard - 1998 - Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 10 (2):179-215.
    The dominant assumptions -- throughout contemporary philosophy, psychology, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence -- about the ontology underlying intentionality, and its core of representationality, is that of encodings -- some sort of informational or correspondence or covariation relationship between the represented and its representation that constitutes that representational relationship. There are many disagreements concerning details and implementations, and even some suggestions about claimed alternative ontologies, such as connectionism (though none that escape what I argue is the fundamental flaw in these (...)
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  26.  95
    An integration of motivation and cognition.Mark H. Bickhard - 2003 - In L. Smith, C. Rogers & P. Tomlinson (eds.), Development and Motivation: Joint Perspectives. Leicester: British Psychological Society. pp. 41-56.
  27.  35
    “From Outside or Inside?”: Priming Introductory-Level Students’ Philosophical Disposition.Mark H. Herman - 2023 - American Association of Philosophy Teachers Studies in Pedagogy 8:102-105.
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  28.  10
    Montesquieu and the philosophy of natural law.Mark H. Waddicor - 1970 - The Hague,: M. Nijhoff.
    In the last hundred years, the philosophy of natural law has suffered a fate that could hardly have been envisaged by the seventeenth and eighteenth century exponents of its universality and eternity: it has become old-fashioned. The positivists and the Marxists were happy to throw eternal moral ity out of the window, confident that some magic temporal harmony would eventually follow Progress in by the front door. Their hopes may not have been fully realized, but they did succeed in discrediting (...)
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  29. Ueber den Aufbau der hochpolymeren Substanzen.H. Mark - 1932 - Scientia 26 (51):405.
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  30. The interactivist model.Mark H. Bickhard - 2009 - Synthese 166 (3):547 - 591.
    A shift from a metaphysical framework of substance to one of process enables an integrated account of the emergence of normative phenomena. I show how substance assumptions block genuine ontological emergence, especially the emergence of normativity, and how a process framework permits a thermodynamic-based account of normative emergence. The focus is on two foundational forms of normativity, that of normative function and of representation as emergent in a particular kind of function. This process model of representation, called interactivism, compels changes (...)
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  31.  42
    Critical principles: on the negative side.Mark H. Bickhard - 2002 - New Ideas in Psychology 20:1-34.
    neglected aspect: knowledge of error, or ‘‘negative’’ knowledge. The development of knowledge of what counts as error occurs via a kind of internal variation and selection, or quasi-evolutionary, process. Processes of reflection generate a hierarchy of principles of error.
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  32. Representational content in humans and machines.Mark H. Bickhard - 1993 - Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 5:285-33.
    This article focuses on the problem of representational content. Accounting for representational content is the central issue in contemporary naturalism: it is the major remaining task facing a naturalistic conception of the world. Representational content is also the central barrier to contemporary cognitive science and artificial intelligence: it is not possible to understand representation in animals nor to construct machines with genuine representation given current (lack of) understanding of what representation is. An elaborated critique is offered to current approaches to (...)
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  33.  20
    Individuality and the Moral Aim in American Education.H. Thiselton Mark - 1902 - Philosophical Review 11:101.
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  34. Beyond Decorum: The Photography of Iké Udé.Mark H. C. Bessire & Lauri Firstenberg (eds.) - 2000 - MIT Press.
     
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  35. Moral Philosophy and Newtonianism in the Scottish Enlightenment: A Study of the Moral Philosophies of Gershom Carmichael, Francis Hutcheson, David Hume and Adam Smith.Mark H. Waymack - 1986 - Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University
    This thesis studies the development of empiricist Scottish moral philosophy from its origins in the work of Gershom Carmichael through the works of Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, and Adam Smith. Impressed by the successes of the new sciences, particularly Newtonian science, these philosophers each sought to bring this modern scientific method to bear upon the pursuit of moral theory. By tracing the development of moral philosophy through these four authors, we find important changes in how they understand the questions, methodology, (...)
     
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  36.  80
    Health Care as a Business.Mark H. Waymack - 1990 - Business and Professional Ethics Journal 9 (3-4):69-78.
  37.  14
    Anticipation and Representation.Mark H. Bickhard - 2019 - In Roberto Poli (ed.), Handbook of Anticipation: Theoretical and Applied Aspects of the Use of Future in Decision Making. Springer Verlag. pp. 323-338.
    Anticipation or prediction is generally assumed to be based on some sort of representation. Such representations will be involved, for example, in a model – causal, statistical, dynamic, and other kinds of model – of the system or phenomena to be anticipated. This form of anticipation certainly exists, and is quite important.I will argue, however, that there is a more basic form of anticipation that does not require representation, but is, in fact, constitutive of representation. The intuition underlying this point (...)
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  38.  55
    Does Process Matter? An Introduction to the Special Issue on Interactivism.Mark H. Bickhard - 2011 - Axiomathes 21 (1):1-2.
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  39. A Process Model of the Emergence of Representation.Mark H. Bickhard - 1998 - In George L. Farre & Tarkko Oksala (eds.), Emergence, Complexity, Hierarchy, Organization, Selected and Edited Papers From the ECHO III Conference. Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica. pp. 3-7.
    Two challenges to the very possibility of emergence are addressed, one metaphysical and one logical. The resolution of the metaphysical challenge requires a shift to a process metaphysics, while the logical challenge highlights normative emergence, and requires a shift to more powerful logical tools -- in particular, that of implicit definition. Within the framework of a process metaphysics, two levels of normative emergence are outlined: that of function and that of representation.
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  40.  19
    The Dynamics of Acting.Mark H. Bickhard - 2011 - Humana Mente 4 (15):177-187.
  41.  45
    Newborns' preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline.Mark H. Johnson, Suzanne Dziurawiec, Hadyn Ellis & John Morton - 1991 - Cognition 40 (1-2):1-19.
  42.  62
    Toward a Model of Functional Brain Processes II: Central Nervous System Functional Macro-architecture.Mark H. Bickhard - 2015 - Axiomathes 25 (4):377-407.
    The first paper in this pair (Bickhard in Axiomathes, 2015) developed a model of the nature of representation and cognition, and argued for a model of the micro-functioning of the brain on the basis of that model. In this sequel paper, starting with part III, this model is extended to address macro-functioning in the CNS. In part IV, I offer a discussion of an approach to brain functioning that has some similarities with, as well as differences from, the model presented (...)
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  43. James E. Thornton and Earl R. Winkler, eds., Ethics and Aging: The Right to Live, The Right to Die Reviewed by.Mark H. Waymack - 1989 - Philosophy in Review 9 (8):336-338.
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  44.  85
    The Tragedy of Operationalism.Mark H. Bickhard - unknown
    Operational definitions were a neo-Machean development that connected with the positivism of Logical Positivism. Logical Positivism failed, with the failure of operational definitions being just one of multiple and multifarious failures of Logical Positivism more broadly. Operationalism, however, has continued to seduce psychology more than half a century after it was repudiated by philosophers of science, including the very Logical Positivists who had first taken it seriously. It carries with it a presupposed metaphysics that is false in virtually all of (...)
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  45.  6
    Krise und neuaufbau in den exakten wissenschaften: fünf Wiener vorträge..H. F. Mark - 1933 - F. Deuticke.
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  46.  20
    Emergent Mental Phenomena.Mark H. Bickhard - 2021 - In Inês Hipólito, Robert William Clowes & Klaus Gärtner (eds.), The Mind-Technology Problem : Investigating Minds, Selves and 21st Century Artefacts. Springer Verlag. pp. 49-63.
    The possibilities, if any, of ‘artificial’ mental phenomena, including consciousness, depend on what the metaphysical nature of such phenomena are. I will outline a model of metaphysical emergence, and, based on that, emergent mental phenomena, with a focus on cognition and consciousness. This model suggests that ‘artificial’ mental phenomena are possible, though not with current technology. Furthermore, such ‘artificial’ mental phenomena would require, in effect, the creation of artificial life, at least in a metabolic sense.
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  47.  19
    On the concept of concept.Mark H. Bickhard - 2011 - Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 31 (2):102-105.
    This commentary is in two parts: 1) a short review of problems with representational theories of mind, and 2) a critique and diagnosis of what I claim are fundamental problems with Wittgensteinian notions of grammatical analysis. These problems turn on an incomplete characterization of normativity in Wittgenstein's work. 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
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  48.  18
    Body weight as a determinant of saccharin consumption in the orchidectomized male hamster.H. E. Marks - 1974 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 3 (1):11-13.
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  49.  6
    Changes in operant responding for saccharin in male and female hamsters following gonadectomy.H. E. Marks - 1975 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 6 (2):192-194.
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  50.  80
    Toward a Model of Functional Brain Processes I: Central Nervous System Functional Micro-architecture.Mark H. Bickhard - 2015 - Axiomathes 25 (3):217-238.
    Standard semantic information processing models—information in; information processed; information out —lend themselves to standard models of the functioning of the brain in terms, e.g., of threshold-switch neurons connected via classical synapses. That is, in terms of sophisticated descendants of McCulloch and Pitts models. I argue that both the cognition and the brain sides of this framework are incorrect: cognition and thought are not constituted as forms of semantic information processing, and the brain does not function in terms of passive input (...)
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